Transparent substrate and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

At least one monomolecule film is formed on a transparent substrate surface directly or via a protective film. The monomolecule film is formed with chemical coupling of chlorosilane surface active compound, for example, of the formula:  
     F(CF 2 )m(CH 2 )nSiR q X 3 — q   
     where m is an integer of from 1 to 15, n is an integer of from 0 to 15 provided that the total of m and n is an integer of from 10 to 30 and R is an alkyl or an alkoxyl group, or  
     F(CF 2 )m′(CH 2 )n′A(CH 2 )pSiR q X 3—q    
     where m represents an integer ranging from 1 to 8, n′ represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, p represents an integer ranging from 5 to 25, q represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, X represents a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group, R represents an alkyl or an alkoxyl group, and A represents —0—, a —COO— or —Si(CH 3  ) 2  —. The transparent substrate such as glass is made hydrophobic and free of contamination.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 08/279,686, filed Jul. 25, 1994, and of 08/1383,428, filed Feb. 3, 1995, each of which claim parentage to original parent application 07/798,525, filed Nov. 26, 1991, which in turn claims the priority of Japanese Patent Applications 2-407555 and 3-038135 filed on Dec. 25, 1990 and Feb. 6, 1991, respectively.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to a transparent substrate. More particularly, the present invention relates to a hydrophobic, oil-phobic and/or contamination-free transparent substrate such as motor vehicle and building window glasses, windshields, optical lenses and glass lenses etc.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In order to prevent contamination of a transparent substrate such as glass, it has been proposed to make the surface of the transparent substrate as smooth as possible or coat the substrate surface with a protective film such as a fluorine-based coating film or the like. Further, to prevent fogging of the transparent substrate surface, a hydrophilic polymer is coated thereon, or a heater is installed in or onto the transparent substrate.

[0004] Where the contamination of a transparent substrate stems from water drops, an antifogging effect can be obtained by installing a heater. However, the use of a heater has a drawback, namely a power source for the heater is necessary. Furthermore, a heater which is buried in or installed on the surface of the transparent substrate may reduce the transparency thereof. Coating the transparent substrate surface with a hydrophilic polymer or the like is comparatively simple. However, only a tentative effect is achieved because the hydrophilic polymer may be peeled off by rubbing the transparent substrate surface.

[0005] Where contamination of the substrate surface stems from other causes the above methods are substantially meaningless. Accordingly, it has been proposed to coat the transparent substrate surface with a protective film, for example fluorine-based coatings. However, the adhesion between the transparent substrate and a fluorine-based protective film is weak. Therefore the film is readily separated from the substrate surface. In addition, the fluorine-based protective film causes fogging of the transparent substrate due to its opaqueness. Other protective film materials can improve upon the transparency and adhesion of the flourine-based protective films. However, these materials do not enable easily wiping-out of contaminants. Accordingly, it is a practical method to make the surface of the transparent substrate as smooth as possible. However, there are limitations on the degree of smoothness of the substrate surface which one skilled in the art can attain. Thus, there is a need for a contamination free, hydrophobic and/or oil phobic treated transparent substrate.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] An object of the present invention is to provide a highly hydrophobic and contamination free transparent substrate, which is free from the attachment of contaminants thereon or is capable of the ready removal of any attached contaminants.

[0007] To attain this object, the instant invention provides a transparent substrate, which is provided on at least one surface thereon with a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film containing a hydrophobic group.

[0008] A first aspect of this invention provides a transparent substrate comprising at least one monomolecule film formed as an outer most surface layer on at least one surface of a transparent substrate either directly or indirectly via a protective film. The monomolecule film contains a hydrophobic group and is bonded through covalent bonding to the surface of the substrate or of the protective film. Preferably, the protective film is itself one or more of such monomolecule films containing a hydrophobic group and bonded through a covalent bond to the surface of the substrate. A difference between the (a) monomolecule film of the protective film and (b) the outer most surface layer monomolecule film is that (a) is at or near the end of the hydrophobic group and the protective film monomolecule is bonded through a covalent bond to (b), the outer most surface layer monomolecule film. Another difference is that (b) is bonded to the protective layer monomolecule film one layer closer to the outer most surface.

[0009] One preferred embodiment of the first aspect of this invention provides a transparent substrate comprising a monomolecule film formed as an outer surface layer on both surfaces of a transparent substrate either directly or indirectly via a protective film. In particular, one of the surfaces (the first surface) is covered with a monomolecule film containing a hydrophobic group which is covalently bonded to the first surface. The other surface (the second surface) is covered with a monomolecule film containing a hydrophilic group which is covalently bonded to the second surface.

[0010] According to another embodiment of the first aspect of this invention, the monomolecule film is formed by a covalent bond from a silane halide-based or alkoxy silane-based surface-active compound of the formula:

F(CF₂)_(m)(CH₂)_(n)SiR_(q)X_(3—q)  (A)

[0011] where mn represents an integer ranging from 1 to 15, n represents an integer ranging from 0 to 15, the sum of mn and n ranges from 10 to 30, q represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, R represents an alkyl or an alkoxyl group. and X is a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group; or

F(CF₂)_(m)(CH₂)_(n′)(CH₂)_(p)Si R_(q) X_(3—q) X_(3—q)  (B)

[0012] where m′ represents an integer ranging from 1 to 8, n′ represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2 p represents an integer ranging from 5 to 25, q represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, X represents a halo gen atom or an alkoxyl group, R represents an alkyl or an alkoxyl group, and A represents-0—, a —COO— or —Si(CH₃)₂—.

[0013] A second aspect of this invention provides a method of modifying a transparent substrate, comprising:

[0014] applying, in a non-aqueous organic solvent, a silane based surface active molecular compound having a reactive silane group at one end of the molecular compound and a hydrophobic group at the other end of the molecular compound to a surface of a transparent substrate or on a surface of a protective film provided on the transparent substrate. The molecular compound is applied under conditions such that the silane-based surface active compound is chemically adsorbed on the surface thereby forming a monomolecule film on the transparent substrate. The film comprises a hydrophobic group, an —Si— group wherein the film is covalently bonded to the applied surface.

[0015] One preferred embodiment of the second aspect of this invention provides such a method which comprises:

[0016] contacting a surface of a molded transparent substrate with an organic solvent solution of a silane-based surface active compound having a reactive silane group at one end of the molecule and a hydrophobic group at the other end of the molecule to form a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film of the silane-based surface active compound on at least one surface of the transparent substrate or over the entire surface area.

[0017] Another preferred embodiment of the second aspect of this invention provides such a method which comprises:

[0018] contacting both of the surfaces of the molded transparent substrate with a non-aqueous solvent containing a material having at least two chlorosilyl groups;

[0019] washing the transparent substrate using a non-aqueous organic solution to remove any non-reacted material having at least two chlorosilyl groups of the transparent substrate after the contacting step;

[0020] treating the transparent substrate with water after the non-reacted material washing step, thereby forming a hydrophilic monomolecule film composed of a silane material having at least one silanol group; and

[0021] treating the transparent substrate having the silanol group with a silane-based surface active compound having a reactive silane group at one end of the molecule and a hydrophobic group at the other end of the molecule, thereby laminating a chemically adsorbed hydrophobic monomolecule film on the hydrophilic monomolecule film having silanol groups.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022]FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the status of a glass surface in the formation of a chemically adsorbed film;

[0023]FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the status of a glass surface in the formation of a chemically adsorbed film;

[0024]FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the status of a glass surface in the formation of a chemically adsorbed film;

[0025]FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the status of a glass surface in the formation of a chemically adsorbed film;

[0026]FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the status of a glass surface in the formation of a chemically adsorbed film;

[0027]FIG. 6 is a graph showing the surface tension or energy in various chemically adsorbed films;

[0028]FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the surface of a windshield glass as an embodiment of the transparent substrate according to the invention;

[0029]FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the surface of a windshield glass as a different embodiment of the transparent substrate according to the invention;

[0030]FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing a windshield glass as a further embodiment of the transparent substrate according to the invention,

[0031]FIG. 10 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the surface of a windshield glass as a further embodiment of the transparent substrate according to the invention; and

[0032]FIG. 11 is a schematic sectional view, enlarged in scale to the molecular level, showing the surface of a windshield glass as a further embodiment of the transparent substrate according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0033] The transparent substrate component of the instant invention is usually made of transparent materials such as glass and plastic. Where the substrate is made of glass, its surface typically comprises hydrophilic molecules such as hydroxyl groups. Where a plastic is the substrate material, the surface may be readily made hydrophilic by an oxidizing treatment. By contacting the substrate material with a non-aqueous organic solvent solution of a compound having a carbon chain and a reactive silane group at one end, a reaction between active hydrogens in the hydrophilic groups of the substrate surface and the reactive silane group forms a monomolecule film. The monomolecule film is bonded to the surface by an —SiO— group containing chemical bond (i.e., a covalently bonded). Such a reaction is called a chemical adsorption reaction, and the monomolecule film obtained by this reaction is called a chemically adsorbed single molecule (or unimolecule or monomolecule) film. In use, when the chemically adsorbed monomolecule film is covalently bonded to a real image side mirror surface, its adhesion is so strong that usually it is not separated unless the surface of the transparent substrate is cut away. Furthermore, because the compound has a hydrophobic group at the other end, the hydrophobic properties of the monomolecule provides a contamination free effect.

[0034] As noted before, the transparent substrate material may be a plastic material. Suitable plastic materials include acrylic resins and polycarbonate resins. Such plastic substrates may be used in addition to glass, although glass is most extensively used.

[0035] The surface of the transparent substrate has an exposed hydrophilic group. Examples of hydrophilic groups are those groups having active hydrogen, e.g., hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, amino groups, imino groups, etc. Where the transparent substrate surface does not have a is sufficient amount of hydrophilic groups, the surface is rendered hydrophilic by usual means such as electron or ion beam irradiation in an oxygen or nitrogen atmosphere.

[0036] The molecule constituting the chemically adsorbed monomolecule film may be a silane-based surface active compound having a chlorosilane (—SiCl_(v)Y_(3—v)) group or an alkoxysilane (Si(OW)_(v)Y_(3—v)) group at one end of the molecule and a hydrocarbon group or fluorine-substituted carbon at the other end of the molecule. In the above formulas, v represents an integer ranging from 1 to 3, Y represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl (for example C₁ to C₆) or lower alkoxyl group (for example C₁ to C₆), and W represents a lower alkyl group. Among the silane-based surface active compounds mentioned above, chlorosilane-based surface active compounds are preferred because they can reliably undergo a chemical adsorption reaction to form a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film at room temperature. Among the chlorosilane-based surface active compounds, those having a trichlorosilane group (v is 3) are preferred because siloxane bonds intervene between adjacent adsorbed molecules. Further, in order to increase the concentration of the adsorbed molecule, the silane-based surface active compound having a straight chain is preferred. Examples of especially preferred chlolosilane-based surface active compounds are those represented by the formulas:

R¹—SiCl_(V)Y_(3—V)   (C) and

CF₃—(CF₂)_(t)—(R²)_(t)—SiCl_(v)Y_(3—v)  (D)

[0037] where t is an integer of at least 0, preferably 0 to 10, r is 0 or 1, R¹ is an alkyl group of at least 6 (preferably 8 to 22) carbon atoms which may contain a vinyl (CH₂=CH—) or ethynyl (CH≡C—) group or may be interrupted by a COO group or by a silicon or oxygen atom, R² is an alkylene group of at least one (preferably 1 to 20) carbon atoms which may contain a vinylene (—CH=CH—), ethynylene (—C≡C—) group or may be interrupted by a COO group or by a silicon or oxygen atom, and Y is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group (for example C₁ to C₆) or lower alkoxyl group (for example C₁ to C₆), and v is an integer ranging from 0 to 2. Preferably, those chlorosilane-based surface active compounds have 12 to 22 carbon atoms. More specific examples include:

CH₃(CH₂)₉SiCl₃,

CH₃(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CH₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CH₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂SiCl₃,

CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CF₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CF₃(CF₂)₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₉SiCl₃,

CF₃COO(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CF₃(CF₂)₅(CH₂)₂SiCl₃.

[0038] Those surface active compounds in which R¹ in the above formulas contains a vinyl or ethynyl group are preferred, because a polymerization of unsaturated bonds with a catalyst, with light or high energy irradiation, may occur. Polymerization of unsaturated bonds results in intramolecular bonds and therefore an undesirably firmer monomolecule film. Furthermore, the chlorosilane-based surface active compounds having a hydrophobic group containing a fluoro-carbon group are particularly preferred, because the resulting monomolecule film is highly hydrophobic as well as an oil-phobic effect (i.e., oil-repellant).

[0039] The transparent substrate according to the instant invention is usually manufactured from a molded transparent substrate.

[0040] When the chlorosilane-based surface active material is used, the chemically adsorbed monomolecule film usually has to be washed without contact with water. Water should be avoided because any of the remaining unreacted chlorosilane-based surface active compound reacts with the water component of the wash and becomes whitish in color.

[0041] Further, the clorosilane-based surface active compound has to be dissolved in a non-aqueous (substantially non-water) organic solvent because it is highly reactive with water. Examples of applicable solvents include n-hexadecane, toluene, xylene, dicyclohexyl, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, or freon 113. These solvents may be used either alone or in combination. However, it is possible to use methyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol as the solvent in cases when other silane-based surface active compounds are used rather than those based on chlorosilane.

[0042] To form the chemically adsorbed monomolecule film according to the invention, one surface of the transparent substrate may be contacted with a material having at least two chlorosilyl groups, before a silane-based surface active compound containing a hydrophobic group is chemically adsorbed on the transparent substrate surface. The material having at least two Cl—Si groups reacts with an active hydrogen-containing group of the transparent substrate surface, reacting one or more Cl—Si groups but not all of them, so the unreacted Cl—Si groups remain in the reacted material. The surface of the transparent substrate thus-treated is then washed with an organic solution to remove the unreacted material containing at least two chlorosilyl groups. The surface is then treated with water (washing with water or exposing to air to react with moisture in the air) to form a monomolecule film containing silanol groups (Si—OH) on the surface of the substrate (see FIG. 9).

[0043] Formation of a monomolecule film containing silanol groups is desirable because a silane-based surface active compound can be chemically adsorbed at a high concentration even when the substrate has only a very small quantity of hydrophilic groups, such as a quartz glass or tempered glass. Examples of materials having at least two chlosilyl groups are:

Si Cl₄, SiHCl₃, SiH₂CI₂,

Cl—(SiCl₂O)_(i)SiCl₃, and

H_(l)(R³)_(3—1)Si(R⁴)_(i)SiCl_(k)(R⁵)_(3—k).

[0044] It is usually desired that the number of Cl—Si bonds is as large as possible for high concentration chemical adsorption of the silane-based surface active compound containing hydrophobic groups. In the above formulas, i represents an integer such as 1 to 4, 1 and k each represent an integer ranging from 1 to 3, R³ and R⁵ are lower-alkyl groups, and R⁴ represents an alkylene group with a carbon number of at least 1 such as 1 to 6. Preferably the materials have 3 or 4 Cl—Si bonds and are inorganic. Therefore, SiCl₄ is most preferred as the material containing a chlorosilyl group, because it is a very small molecule and is highly reactive for producing silanol groups. Thus it is highly effective for making a quartz glass surface uniformly hydrophilic.

[0045] It is possible to form a chemically adsorbed mono-molecule film containing a hydrophobic group on only one surface of a transparent substrate and form a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film containing a hydrophilic group on the other surface, thus obtaining a substrate with has different characteristics on opposite sides. Such a substrate may be obtained by chemically adsorbing the above-mentioned material containing a chlorosilane group on both surfaces of a transparent substrate. Both surfaces are then treated as described above to form silanol groups. The surface on which it is desired to leave a hydrophilic monomolecule film is then coated with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble polymer material, e.g., polyvinyl alcohol or prulane. A chemically adsorbed monomolecule film containing a hydrophobic group is then formed on the other surface of the substrate. Subsequently the water-soluble polymer material is washed away with water.

[0046] The chemically adsorbed monomolecule film according to the invention may be either a single monomolecule layer or a lamination of two or more monomolecule layers. In the latter case, however, it is necessary to form chemical bonds between adjacent laminated layers. For producing such a lamination of monomolecule layers, one preferred method is as follows.

[0047] First a chlorosilane based surface active compound (for example, of the formula (C) mentioned above) having a group (such as a vinyl or ethynyl group) that can subsequently be converted to an active hydrogen-containing reactive group (such as a hydroxyl, imino or amino group) is used to form a monomolecule film. The convertible group is then converted to the active hydrogen-containing reactive group. A chlorosilane-based surface active compound is applied to this treated surface to form a hydrophobic monomolecule film.

[0048] The chemically adsorbed monomolecule film formed on the substrate surface is as thin as of the order of the nanometer (nm) and does not spoil the intrinsic transparency of the substrate. In addition, the chemically adsorbed monomolecule film according to the invention has hydrophobic properties and is therefore not readily susceptible to surface contamination. Further, by forming a chemically adsorbed hydrophobic monomolecule film on one surface of a transparent substrate and forming a chemically adsorbed hydrophilic monomolecule film on the other surface of the substrate, a transparent substrate which has hydrophobic and contamination-free effects on one surface and an antifogging effect on the other surface can be obtained.

[0049] This invention can be applied to a variety of materials including a display-form touch panel switch, a face plate for photocopy machine, a fresnel plate for an overhead projector, a display glass, a display optical filter, a halogen lamp, a mercury lamp a sodium lamp, an electric bulb, a chandelier, a glass or plastic lens, a microscope lens a telescope lens, a binocular lens, a magnifying glass lens and other apparatus lenses.

[0050] This invention will now be illustrated with reference to the following examples and the drawings, but the scope of the invention is not to be construed as limited to these examples.

EXAMPLE 1

[0051] In a chloroform solution containing 80 wt % n-hexadecane and 12 wt % carbon tetrachloride a silane-based surface active compound represented by a formula:

CH₂=CH—(CH₂)₁₆—SiCl₃

[0052] containing vinyl groups (CH₂=CH—)₂(see FIG. 1) is dissolved to a concentration of 3×10⁻³ to 5×10⁻² Mol. A glass substrate 1 as a transparent substrate was dipped into the solution and held at room temperature for one hour. The surface of the glass substrate 1 contained a number of hydroxyl groups and a reaction took place between the chlorosilyl groups (—SiCl) in the chlorosilane-based surface active compound and the hydroxyl groups (—OH) and a bond represented such as formula 1:

[0053] is formed on the substrate surface.

[0054] The glass substrate 1 was then washed with freon 113 to remove the material remaining on the surface without any reaction, followed by washing the surface with water or exposing the surface to air to react with moisture in the air. The —SiCl group was changed to a —SiOH group as m formula 2.

[0055] Each silanol group (—SiOH) was then dehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxan bond (—SiO—) as in formula 3.

[0056] Thus, an adsorbed monomolecule protective film 3 containing a vinyl group 2 was formed as a single layer with a thickness from about 2 to 3 nm on the surface in a chemically coupled form via oxygen atoms (see FIG. 1). The glass substrate is then irradiated in an atmosphere containing oxygen or N₂ (or in air) with about 3 Mrads of an energy beam (e.g., electron beam, X-rays, gamma (γ) rays, ultraviolet (UV) rays or ion beam), thus providing the vinyl group portion 2 with a hydroxyl (—OH) groups 4 (in case of oxygen atmosphere) as shown in FIG. 2 or amino (—NH₂) group 5 (in case of nitrogen atmosphere) as shown in FIG. 3. The hydroxyl, amino, and/or imino groups may be formed in air.

[0057] The fact that these functional groups are attached to vinyl groups is confirmed from FT-IR analysis.

[0058] It is possible to process the vinyl groups arranged on the surface in plasma containing O₂ or N₂ as well to form an adsorbed monomolecule protective film 3-1 (see FIG. 4) with attached —OH groups as shown in FIG. 2 or an adsorbed monomolecule protective film 3-2 with attached-NH₂ groups as shown in FIG. 3.

[0059] Finally, a solution of a mixed solvent composed of 80 wt % n-hexane, 12 wt % carbon tetrachloride and 8 wt % chloroform was prepared by dissolving a silane-based surface active compound containing fluorine represented by a formula:

F(CF₂)m(CH₂)_(n)SiR_(q)X_(3—q)   (A)

[0060] where m represents an integer ranging from 1 to 15, n represents an integer ranging from 0 to 15, the sum of m and n ranges from 10 to 30, q represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, R represents an alkyl or an alkoxyl group, and X is a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group; or

F(CF₂)_(m)(CH₂)_(n)A(CH₂)_(p)SiR_(q)X_(3—q)  (B)

[0061] where m′ represents an integer ranging from 1 to 8, n′ represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, p represents an integer ranging from 5 to 25, q represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, X represents a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group, R represents an alkyl or an alkoxyl group, and A represents —0—, a —COO—or —Si(CH₃)₂ , for instance:

CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃

[0062] in a concentration of the order of 2×10⁻³ to 5×10⁻² Mol. The glass substrate with the adsorbed monomolecule protective film 3-1 or 3-2 formed thereon was dipped in to the solution and held therein for one hour. The —OH group, —NH group or —NH₂ group were exposed on the substrate surface as shown in FIG. 2 or 3, a reaction was brought about between the chlorosilyl group of the chlorosilane-based surface active compound containing fluorine and the —OH, —NH or —NH₂ groups. Thus covalent bonds were formed on the surface, represented as the following formula 4.

[0063] This reaction proceeds substantially the same as above in formulas 1 to 3.

[0064] Thus, a highly concentrated monomolecule film lamination 7 is formed on the surface of the glass substrate such that an adsorbed monomolecule film 6 containing fluorine is chemically bonded to a lower adsorbed monomolecule film 3-1 as shown in FIG. 4 or to a lower adsorbed monomolecule film 3-2 as shown in FIG. 5.

[0065] Where no monomolecule film is required between a hydrophobic oil-phobic surface film and a glass substrate, a chlorosilane-based surface active compound may be used to form an adsorbed monomolecule protective film. By so doing, a single layer of adsorbed monomolecule protective film containing fluorine on the surface can be formed.

[0066] Where a plurality of monomolecule films are necessary as protective films, CH₂=CH—(CH₂)_(n)SiCl₃ may be used as a chemical adsorption reagent. The steps of chemical adsorption and radiation irradiation may be repeated, and finally a chlorosilane-based surface active compound containing fluorine may be adsorbed as a chemical reagent. Thus, a 10 hydrophobic oil-phobic film comprising a single layer of an adsorbed monomolecule film containing fluorine may be formed on the surface via a plurality of necessary protective films.

[0067] In the above embodiment, CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃, was used as a silane-based surface active compound containing fluorine outer most is surface. However, it is possible to use other compounds as well, for instance;

CF₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₁₅SiCl_(3,)

CF₃(CF₂)₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH2)₉SiCl_(3,)

CF₃COO(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃, and

CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂SiCl₃.

[0068] The surface energy or tension in the adsorbed monomolecule film was measured by evaluation of the water dip angle of contact (with an automatic contact angle gauge manufactured by Kyowa Kaimen Kagaku Co.). The results are shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is a graph showing relations between cos θ and surface tension.

[0069] As is seen from FIG. 6, the surface energy is reduced as the number of fluorine atom increases. It is confirmed that when the number of fluorine atoms is 9 or more, the surface tension of the film is lower than that of polytetrafluoroethylene and that the surface is very highly hydrophobic and oil-phobic.

[0070] The water wetting angle measured at the surfaces of the adsorbed film was found to be about 140 to 150 degrees.

[0071] Thus, by using such glasses, it is possible to provide a wiperless motor vehicle windshield or windscreen glasses and simultaneously prevent fogging of the glass lens surface.

[0072] In FIG. 6, F17, F9, F3 and NTS designate adsorbed monomolecular films respectively of;

F17; CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂—Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₉SiCl₃,

F9; CF₃(CF₂)₃(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

F3; CF₃COO(CH₂)₁₅SiCl_(3,) and

NTS; CH₃(CH₂)₁₉SiCl₃

[0073] The above embodiment is directed to tempered glass. However, the instant invention is applicable to all the glasses where improvement of the quality of the glass surfaces is a goal. For example, the above described embodiment finds particular use as a film for window glasses in vehicles, electric cars, aircraft and other means of transport, as well as mirrors, glass vessels, glass or plastic lenses and other glass or plastic surfaces wherein hydrophobic and oil-phobic characteristics are required.

[0074] Further, while the above embodiment is concerned with the adsorbed monomolecule films as glass protective films, the transparent substrate according to the invention is by no means limited to glass, but it may of course be protective films having functions as light-blocking films, ultraviolet absorption films and infrared absorption films as well.

[0075] Further, the glass is not limited to colorless transparent glass, but the invention is applicable to roughened surfaces and also to colored glass and glass fibers.

[0076] In general, the invention is applicable to all techniques of chemical coupling of glass or plastic having hydrophilic groups on the surface and a silane-based surface active compound containing a fluorophobic by using a chemical adsorption process.

[0077] Where the surface of the protective film or transparent substrate itself is not hydrophilic, the silane-based surface active compound containing a hydrophobic group may be provided after making the surface hydrophilic by usual methods, such as corona discharge in an atmosphere containing oxygen or alternatively by spattering.

[0078] The chlorosilane-based surface active compounds, in one preferred embodiment, are represented by the formulae

F(CF₂)_(m)(CH₂)_(n)SiR_(q)X_(3—q) or

F(CF₂)_(m′)(CH₂)_(n′)A(CH₂)pSiR_(q)X_(3—q)

[0079] When one of these compounds is employed, a highly concentrated and very thin organic film can be formed. The film is substantially pin hole free, with a uniform thickness, thereby forming a hydrophobic oil-phobic monomolecule film chemically coupled to the glass substrate surface. The symbols in the above formulas (A) and (B) are as defined hereinbefore.

[0080] It is thus possible to effect a very highly durable surface treatment for prevention of contamination, fogging and wetting of the glass surface.

[0081] EXAMPLE 2

[0082] A transparent substrate, shaped for use as a motor vehicle windshield or windscreen glass, was washed with an organic solution. Simultaneously a material containing a fluorocarbon group and a chlorosilane group having the formula:

CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂SiCl₃

[0083] was dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, i.e., a mixed solvent composed of 80 wt % of n-hexadecane, 12 wt % of carbon tetrachloride and 2-8 wt % of chloroform. The windshield glass was dipped into the solution and immersed for about 2 hours. The windshield glass had numerous hydroxyl groups on the surface, and thus a dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between the chlorine in chlorosilyl (—SiCl) group of the material containing a fluorocarbon group and a chlorosilane group and a hydroxyl group and covalent bonds represented by formula 5 below were formed over the entire surface of the windshield glass. This reaction proceeded substantially the same as described above in formulas 1 to 3.

[0084] Thus, a single layer of chemically adsorbed monomolecule film 12 containing fluorine was formed in a state chemically coupled to the windshield glass 11 by siloxane bonds, as shown in FIG. 7. The thickness of this chemically adsorbed monomolecule film was assumed from the molecular structure to be about 1.5 nm. The monomolecule film was chemically coupled very firmly.

[0085] The treated windshield glass was then tested to compare the properties of treated windshield glass with untreated windshield glass. The treated windshield glass had greatly reduced contamination compared to windshield glass without the above-described treatment. Contaminants, if attached, could be easily removed by merely rubbing the glass with a brush or the like. Doing so produced neither scars nor scratches on the surface of the windshield glass 11. Further, it was possible to remove oily contaminants by merely washing with water.

[0086] Where plastic materials such as polyacrylic resins and polycarbonate resins were used as the material of the transparent substrate, the techniques described above could be used to oxidize the surface. Subsequently, the oxidized surface could then be treated with water or air, as also described above, to make the surface hydrophilic. In particular, this means plasma treatment of the surface at 300 W for about 10 minutes to make the surface oxidized and hydrophilic while replacing the adsorption liquid with a freon 113.

EXAMPLE 3

[0087] A solution was developed by dissolving about 1 wt. % of SiCl₄ as a material containing chlorosilyl groups in a chloroform solvent as a non-aqueous solvent. A windshield glass with the surface containing less hydroxyl groups (although hydrophilic, e.g., an annealedly tempered glass) was dipped into the solution and immersed for about 30 minutes. Then a dehydrochlorinizing reaction was brought about on the surface of the windshield glass 21 due to the presence of some hydroxyl (—OH) groups 2 as hydrophilic groups on the surface, as shown in FIG. 8. A chlorosilane monomolecule film constituted by a material containing chlorosilyl groups was formed. By using SiCi₄ as a material containing chlorosilyl groups, a dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about on the surface of the windshield glass 21 even in the presence of only a small amount of hydrophilic OH groups 22 on the surface of the front window glass 21. Furthermore, molecules such as formula 6 and 7 are secured to the surface via —SiO— bonds.

[0088] In this case, non-reacted SiCl₄ may also be present on the chlorosilane monomolecule film. However, by subsequently washing the surface of the windshield glass 21 with chloroform as a non-aqueous solvent and then with water, the hydroxyl groups and non-reacted SiCl₄ molecules on the surface can be removed to obtain on the surface a siloxane monomolecule film 23. The film is represented as formula 8 and 9 as shown in FIG. 5.

[0089] The monomolecule film 23 formed in this case is completely coupled to the surface of the windshield glass 21 via chemical bonds of —SiO—, and therefore it is never separated from the surface. In addition, the siloxane monomolecule film 23 thus obtained has numerous surface —SiOH bonds, the amount of which roughly corresponds to about three times the number of the initial hydroxyl groups.

[0090] In the solution mentioned before in connection with Example 2, the windshield glass was dipped in to the solution and immersed for about one hour. Thereupon, the windshield glass 21 developed the siloxane monomolecule film 23 on its surface. As a result, bonds as shown such as above in formula 5 were formed on the surface of the siloxane monomolecule film 23.

[0091] Thus, a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film 24 containing fluorine was formed to a thickness of about 1.5 nm. over the entire glass surface in a state chemically coupled to the lower siloxane monomolecule film 23, as shown in FIG. 10. A separation test showed that the monomolecule films are never separated.

[0092] The windshield glass of this example was tested under real use conditions. The results indicate that no water drops were attached due to the hydrophobic effect of the surface fluorine. Acetone containing wax was blown against the glass by assuming the flow of wax component. It was found that oil was repelled and no fogging was produced due to the effect of the oil-phobic properties of fluorine in the monomolecule film chemically adsorbed to the surface. In addition, contaminants that were attached could be easily wiped away.

EXAMPLE 4

[0093] A transparent substrate, a display-form touch panel glass (switch of CRT glass), was prepared and washed with an organic solvent. Simultaneously, a material containing carbon fluoride groups and chlorosilane groups, namely

CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂SiCl₃

[0094] was dissolved to a concentration of 1 wt. % in a non-aqueous solvent, i.e., a mixed solvent containing 80 wt. % of n-hexadecane, 12 wt. % of carbon tetrachloride and 8 wt. % of chloroform. The CRT glass was dipped into the solution and immersed for about 2 hours. The CRT glass had numerous hydroxyl groups on the surface, and thus a dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between the chlorine in —SiCl groups of the material containing carbon fluoride groups and chlorosilane groups and hydroxyl groups on the surface. This reaction produced bonds represented by above formula 5 below over the entire surface of the CRT glass. This reaction proceed substantially the same as above in formulas 1 to 3.

[0095] Thus, a single layer of chemically adsorbed monomolecule film containing fluorine was formed and chemically coupled (i.e., covalently bonded) to the CRT glass by siloxane bonds. The thickness of this chemically adsorbed monomolecule film was about 1.5 nm. The monomolecule film was chemically coupled very firmly and was never separated.

[0096] The resultant CRT glass was tested under actual use conditions. Its contamination affinity was found to be greatly reduced compared to CRT glass without treatment. Contaminants, if attached, could be easily removed by merely wiping the glass with a paper or the like. Doing so produced neither scars nor scratches on the surface of the CRT glass.

EXAMPLE 5

[0097] This example is directed to a fresnel plate glass for an overhead projector wherein the surface contains less hydroxyl groups, although still hydrophilic in nature, e.g., an annealedly tempered glass. The glass was treated by immersing the glass for about 30 minutes in a solution. The immersion solution was developed by dissolving about 1 wt. % of SiCl₄ as a material containing chlorosilyl groups in a chloroform solvent (a non-aqueous solvent). The immersion initiated a chemical dehydrochlorinizing reaction on the surface of the fresnel plate glass due to the presence of some hydroxyl (—OH) groups as hydrophilic groups (inner layer film) on the surface. As the inner layer film forming material, other materials could be used in place of SiCl₄ such as SiHCl₃, SiH₂Cl₂, Cl—(SiCl₂O)n SiCl₃(n being integer).

[0098] A chlorosilane monomolecule film (inner layer) constituted by a material containing chlorosilyl groups was formed on the glass. By using SiCl₄ as a material containing chlorosilyl groups, a dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about on the surface of the fresnel plate glass even in a presence of only a small amount of hydrophilic OH groups on the surface of the fresnel plate glass. Furthermore, molecules described above by formulas 6 and 7 were secured to the surface via —SiO— bonds.

[0099] In this case, non-reacted SiCl₄ is also present on the chlorosilane monomolecule film. By subsequently washing the surface of the fresnel plate glass with chloroform (as a non-aqueous solution) and then washing with water, the hydroxyl groups and non-reacted SiCl₄ molecules on the surface can be removed. The removal of the hydroxyl groups and non-reacted SiCl₄ results in a siloxane monomolecule film represented such as above formulas 8 and 9 on the surface.

[0100] Further, as a material containing carbon fluoride groups and chlorosilane groups;

CF₃(C F₂)₇(CH₂)₂SiCl₃

[0101] was dissolved to a concentration of 2 wt. % in a non-aqueous solvent, i.e., a mixed solvent containing 80 wt. % of n-hexadecane, 12 wt. % of carbon tetrachloride and 8 wt. % of chloroform. The glass was immersed into the solution for about 1 hour. The glass had numerous hydroxyl groups on the surface, and thus a dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between (1) the chlorine in the —SiCl groups of the material containing carbon fluoride groups and chlorosilane groups and (2) hydroxyl groups. The reaction produced bonds represented by above formula 5 over the entire surface of the glass.

[0102] Thus, the chemically adsorbed monomolecule film containing fluorine was formed in a state chemically coupled to the glass by siloxane bonds. The thickness of this chemically adsorbed monomolecule film was assumed from the molecular structure to be about 1.5 nm. The monomolecule film was chemically coupled very firmly and was never separated.

[0103] When chemically adsorbing a monomolecule film using a non-aqueous solvent incorporating carbon fluoride groups and chlorosilane groups, an aqueous solution containing polyvinyl alcohol was also coated as a hydrophilic film. The hydrophilic film has resistance against an organic solvent on the surface which was desired to be left hydrophilic (in order to impart an antifogging effect) After the adsorption was over, the hydrophilic film was washed with water, thus obtaining a windshield glass with a hydrophobic, oil-phobic contamination free monomolecule film 24 formed on one surface and a monomolecule film 23 containing hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the other surface, as shown in FIG. 11. The antifogging effect of this glass was tested under simulated actual use conditions, and it was found that the glass surface left hydrophilic was never fogged.

[0104] In Example 2, only a single layer of monomolecule film was formed, and in Example 3 only a single layer of silane-based surface active compound containing fluorine was formed after formation of a single layer of siloxane monomolecule film. However, the same effects can be obtained by laminating a plurality of chemically adsorbed monomolecule films according to the invention instead of forming only a single layer.

[0105] Further, while the above example used CF₃(C F₂)₇(CH₂)₂SiCl₃ by adding or incorporating vinylene (—CH=CH—) or ethynylene (—C±C—) groups to or in portion represented as R in chlorosilane-based surface active compound represented as CF₃(CF₂)—(R²)y—SiCl_(V)X_(3—V), (wherein the symbols are as defined before) crosslinking can be obtained with about 5 Mrads of electron beam radiation after the formation of the monomolecule film for further improvement of the hardness of the monomolecule film.

[0106] Alternative compounds could be used in addition to or in place of the above described trichlorosilane-based surface active compounds. For example:

CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅SiCl_(3,)

CF₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CF₃(CF₂)₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₉SiCl₃,

CF₃COO(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂SiCl₃,

CF₃(CF₂)₅(CH₂)₂SiCl₃,

[0107] and chlorosilane-based surface active compounds such as;

CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅Si(CH₃)₂Cl,

CF₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂Cl,

CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅Si(CH₃)Cl₂,

CF₃COO(CH₂)₁₅Si(CH₃)₂Cl,

[0108] and chlorosilane-based surface active compounds of containing methoxy group such as;

CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅Si(OCH₃)₂Cl,

CF₃(CH₂)₂Si(OCH₃)₂Cl,

CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅Si(OCH₃)Cl_(2,) and

CF₃COO(CH₂)₁₅Si(OCH₃)₂Cl.

[0109] Similar effects could be obtained with such alkoxysilane-based surface active compounds such as CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂Si(OCH₃)₃, and CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅Si(OCH₃)₃ by heating the surface active compound solution. Further, with chlorosilane-based surface active compounds having hydrocarbon groups such as;

CH₃(CH₂)₉SiCl₃,

CH₃(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃,

CH₃CH₂O(CH₂)₁₅SiCl₃, and

CH₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₁₅SiC₃,

[0110] can be chemically adsorbed as a monomolecule film. These compounds were similarly formed into a monomolecule at room temperature to obtain the hydrophobic and contamination free effects described above.

[0111] As has been described in the foregoing, according to the instant invention a very thin transparent hydrophobic monomolecule film is formed on the transparent glass surface, and therefore the gloss which is intrinsic to the transparent glass is not spoiled. Further, the hydrophobic monomolecule film is highly hydrophobic and oil-phobic and thus enhances the repellency to contamination characteristics of the surface. It is therefore possible to provide a highly contamination free, high performance transparent glass. Further, an antifogging effect could be obtained by leaving part of the substrate surface hydrophilic

[0112] According to the invention, by using a chemical adsorption method, a hydrophobic monomolecule film with a small thickness (of the nanometer level) can be formed on the surface of a transparent substrate without spoiling gloss and transparency thereof. If the hydrophobic monomolecule film contains a fluorocarbon group, it has excellent hydrophobic and oil-phobic properties and permits improvement of surface contamination prevention effect. It is also possible to form a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film having hydrophobic and contamination prevention properties on one surface and a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film containing hydrophilic groups on the other surface. This treatment thus provides a transparent substrate having different natures on opposite sides.

[0113] It is therefore possible to provide a transparent substrate, which is highly antifogging, hydrophobic, oil-phobic and contamination free.

[0114] While the above invention has been disclosed with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it is not limited thereto. The subjoined claims are intended to be construed to encompass the present invention in its full spirit and scope including such other variants and modifications as may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from that true spirit and scope. 

What is claimed:
 1. A transparent substrate comprising at least one monomolecule film formed as an outer most surface layer on at least one surface of the transparent substrate either directly or indirectly, wherein the monomolecule film contains a hydrophobic group and is bonded through a covalent bond to the surface of the substrate.
 2. The transparent substrate according to claim 1, wherein the monomolecule film containing hydrophobic groups is bonded to the surface through a —Si— group.
 3. The transparent substrate according to claim 1, wherein the monomolecule film containing hydrophobic group is bonded to the surface through siloxane bonds via a siloxane-based protective film prepared on the substrate.
 4. The transparent substrate according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic group is a fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group.
 5. A transparent substrate comprising a monomolecule film formed as an outer most surface layer on both surfaces of the transparent substrate either directly or indirectly, wherein one of the surfaces is covered with a covalently bonded monomolecule film containing a hydrophobic group, and the other surface is covered with a covalently bonded monomolecule film containing a hydrophilic group.
 6. The transparent substrate according to claim 5, wherein the hydrophobic group is a fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group.
 7. The transparent substrate according to claim 5, wherein the hydrophilic groups is a hydroxyl group.
 8. A transparent substrate comprising at least one monomolecule film formed as an outer most surface layer on at least one surface of the transparent substrate either directly or via a protective film, wherein the monomolecule film is formed by a chemical covalent bonding from a silane halide-based or alkoxy silane-based surface active compound of the formula: A)F′(CF₂)m(CH₂)n Si Rq X_(3—q) where m represents an integer ranging from 1 to 15, n represents an integer ranging from 0 to 15, the sum of m and n ranges from 10 to 30, q represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, R represents an alkyl or an alkoxyl group, and X is a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group, or of the formula: F(CF₂)m′(CH₂)n′A(CH₂)p SiR_(q)X_(3—q)   (B) [where m′ represents an integer ranging from 1 to 8, n′ represents an integer ranging from 0 to 25, q represents an integer ranging from 5 to 25, q represents an integer ranging from 0 to 2, X represents a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group, R represents an alkyl or an alkoxyl group, and A represents —0—, a —COO— or —Si(CH₃)₂—].
 9. The transparent substrate according to claim 8, wherein the monomolecule film is bonded to the protective film covering the substrate through a chemical covalent bond.
 10. The transparent substrate according to claim 8, wherein said silane halide-based surface active compound is a chlorosilane-based surface active compound of the formula: CF₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₁₅SiOl_(3,) CF₃(CF₂)₃(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)₂(CH₂)₉SiOl₃, CF₃CH₂O(CH₂)15SiCl₃, CF₃COO(CH₂)15SiCl₃, CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂Si(OCH₃)Cl₂, or CF₃(CF₂)₇(CH₂)₂Si(CH₃)Cl₂.
 11. A method of modifying a surface of a transparent substrate comprising: applying, in a non-aqueous organic solvent, a silane-based surface active compound having a reactive silane group at one end and a hydrophobic group at the other end containing fluorine, to a surface of the transparent substrate or on a surface of a protective film provided on the transparent substrate under such conditions that the silane-based surface active compound is chemically adsorbed to the surface, thereby forming a monomolecule film having the hydrophobic group and —Si— group and being covalently bonded to the applied surface.
 12. The method of according to claim 11, wherein the silane-based surface active compound is a chemical material containing an end chlorosilyl (—SiCl) group.
 13. A method of modifying a surface of a transparent substrate comprising: contacting a surface of a molded transparent substrate with an organic solvent solution of a silane-based surface active compound having a reactive silane group at one end and a hydrophobic group at the other end to form a chemically adsorbed monomolecule film from the silane-based surface active compound on at least one surface of the transparent substrate or over the entire surface area
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the reactive silane group is a chlorosilane group.
 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the silane-based surface active compound is represented by the formula: CF₃—(CF₂)_(t)—(R²)_(r)—SiCl_(V)Y_(3—v) [where t is an integer of at least 0, preferably 0 to 10, is 0 or 1, R² is an alkylene group of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may contain a vinylene (—CH=CH—), ethynylene (—C±C—) group or may be interrupted by a —0—, —Si(CH₃)₂ —or —COO—, Y is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or lower alkoxyl group and v is an integer ranging from 0 to
 2. 16. A transparent method of modifying a surface of a molded substrate having two surface, comprising: (A) contacting both of the surface of the molded transparent substrate with a non-aqueous solvent containing a material having at least two chlorosilyl groups; (B) washing the transparent substrate using a non-aqueous organic solution to remove the non-reacted material having at least two chlorosilyl groups of the transparent substrate after the contacting step; (C) treating the transparent substrate with water after the non-reacted material washing step, thereby forming a hydrophilic monomolecule film composed of a silane material having at least one silanol group; and (D) treating the transparent substrate having thus formed silanol groups with silane-based surface active compound having a reactive silane group at one end and a hydrophobic group at the other end, thereby laminating a chemically adsorbed hydrophobic monomolecule film on the hydrophilic monomolecule film having silanol groups.
 17. The method according to claim 16, which further comprises between the steps (C) and (D), coating one surface of the transparent substrate with a water-soluble coating film and, after the step (D), removing the water soluble coating film, thereby forming a hydrophobic monomolecule film on one surface and a hydrophilic monomolecule film on the other surface.
 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the reactive silane group is a chlorosilane group.
 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the silane-based surface active compound is represented by the formula: CF₃—(CF₂)_(t)—(R²)r—SiCl_(v)Y_(3—v) where t is an integer of at least 0, preferably 0 to 10, r is 0 or 1, R is an alkylene group of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may contain a vinylene (—CH=CH—), ethynylene (—C±C—) group or may be interrupted by a —0—, —Si(CH₃)2 —or —COO—, Y is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or lower alkoxyl group and v is an integer ranging from 0 to
 2. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the material having at least two chlorosilyl groups is selected from the group consisting of: SiCl₄,SiHCl₃,SiH₂Cl₂, and Cl—(SiCl₂O)_(n)SiCl₃ (where n is an integer of 1 to 4)
 21. A transparent substrate comprising at least one monomolecule film formed as an outer most surface layer on at least one surface of an optical device, either directly or indirectly, wherein said monomolecule film contains a hydrophobic group and is bonded through a covalent bond to the surface of said optical device, wherein said optical device is selected from the group consisting of motor vehicle glasses and windshields, building window glasses, mirrors, optical lenses, fresnel lenses, glass lenses, and transparent tempered glass.
 22. The transparent substrate as recited in claim 21, wherein said optical device is a vehicle windshield.
 23. The transparent substrate as recited in claim 21, wherein the outer surface of said substrate is sufficiently hydrophobic to render said substrate non-adherent to oil and water.
 24. The transparent substrate as recited in claim 21, wherein said monomolecule film comprises a chlorosilane molecule having a fluoroalkyl group, wherein the number of fluorine atoms counted from the end of the molecule is between 9 and
 31. 